Apparatus and method to increase density and energy of hydrogen, oxygen, and other gases

ABSTRACT

This invention deals with an apparatus and method for the industrial production of a new form of hydrogen, oxygen and other gases possessing a higher specific density and a greater energy content that its corresponding conventional gas before processing the convention gas through the apparatus.

[0001] Hydrogen is emerging as one of the primary alternative fuels forthe large scale replacement of gasoline and other fossil fuels via itsuse as automotive fuel or in fuel cells. However, hydrogen is a fuelwith one of the lowest specific density and energy content among allavailable fuels. In fact, hydrogen has the specific density of about twoatomic mass unit (2 a.m.u.) and the energy content in British ThermalUnits (BTU) per standard cubic foot (scf) of about 300 BTU/scf. Bycomparison, gaseous hydrocarbons can have specific densities and energycontent up to eight times these values, as in the case of acetylene.

[0002] These low values of specific density and energy content havecaused serious technological, logistic and financial problems which haveprevented hydrogen from replacing fossil fuels on a large scale untilnow, such as:

[0003] 1) The low specific density prevents the automotive use ofhydrogen in a compressed form because of insufficient range, orexcessively large storage requirements. For instance, gasoline containsabout 115,000 BTU per American gallon (g). As a result, the gasolinegallon equivalent of hydrogen is given by 115,000 BTU/300 BTU=383 scf.Therefore, the equivalent of a 20 g gasoline tank would require 7,666standard cubiu\ic feet (scf) of hydrogen which is a prohibitive numberof scf for storage in an ordinary car.

[0004] 2) As proved by the automobiles built by the American auto makerGM, the German auto makers BMW and other car manufacturers, theachievement of a sufficient range for ordinary automotive use requiresthe liquefaction of hydrogen. By recalling that hydrogen liquefied at atemperature close to the absolute zero degree, it is evident that theliquefaction of hydrogen , its transportation in a liquefied form andthe maintainment of such a liquid state in a car implies dramaticexpenditures. It then follows that the current automotive use ofhydrogen is much more expensive than gasoline.

[0005]3) The automotive use of liquid hydrogen is dangerous because ofthe possible transition of state from liquid to gas in the event oftermination of electricity for cryogenic equipment or othermalfunctions.

[0006] The use of hydrogen in fuel cells is also afflicted by the sameproblems which are inherent in the low specific density and energyoutput of conventional hydrogen.

[0007] This invention resolves the above problems for the use ofhydrogen as a fuel by achieving a new form of hydrogen, called forreasons explained below “MagneHydrogen” (or “MagH” for short) whichpossesses specific density and energy output bigger than those ofconventional hydrogen.

[0008] This invention also implies the production of a new form ofoxygen, called “MagneOxygen” (or “MagO” for short) which also possessesspecific density and energy content much bigger than those of theconventional oxygen.

[0009] Therefore, the combustion of MagH with MagO, whether forautomotive use or for a fuel cell, implies a further dramatic reductionof storage tanks, an increase of the energy output, and a consequentialreduction of costs.

[0010] A scientific notion of paramount importance for this invention isthe new chemical species of “electromagnecule” discovered by thisinventor.

[0011] Electromagnecules are stable clusters generally composed ofindividual atoms, parts of conventional molecules called dimers (or alsoradicals) and ordinary molecules under a new internal bond originatingin the electric and magnetic polarizations of the orbits of at leastsome peripheral atomic electrons. Due to the dominance of magnetic overelectric polarizations, electromagnecules are often called “magnecules.”

[0012] The new forms of hydrogen and oxygen of this invention have beencalled MagneHydrogen and MagneOxygen, or MagH and MagO, respectively, todenote that their chemical composition is not that of the conventionalmolecules H₂ and O₂, but rather that of the new chemical species ofmagnecules identified in more details below.

[0013] Magnecules are generally detected via macroscopic peaks in GasChromatographic Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) equipment, which peaks resultto be unknown following computer search among all known molecules, whilehaving no signature under InfraRed Detectors (IRD) at the atomic weightof the MS peak. The latter occurrence establishes that the peak detectedin the GC-MS cannot possibly be a molecules, particular for the case oflarge cluster with a weight of the order of hundreds of a.m.u. Aftereliminating valence bonds, the only remaining possibility for explainingthe internal attractive force holding electromagnecules together is thatsuch forces are of magnetic and electric nature, as studied in detail inthe attached monograph.

[0014] Additional experimental evidence has establish that theattractive bond responsible for the existence of the magnecular clustersoriginates from the property well established in contemporary science,according to which, when an atom is exposed to a sufficiently strongexternal magnetic field, the orbitals of its peripheral electrons cannotany longer be distributed in all space directions, and must acquire atoroidal distribution, with consequential creation of a new magneticdipole moment North-South caused by the rotation of the electron chargesin said toroid, which dipole is evidently aligned along the symmetryaxes of said toroidal distribution in such a way to have magneticpolarities opposite to the external ones, as illustrated in FIG. 1.

[0015] Atoms, dimers or molecules with toroidal polarization of theorbitals then bond to each other in chains of opposing polaritiesNorth-South-North-South- . . . , resulting in the indicated formation ofmagnecules schematically illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0016] Note that such a toroidal polarization of the orbitals ofperipheral atomic electrons creates a magnetic field which is notgenerally detectable in the conventional space distribution of saidorbitals. Simple calculations show that such a field is quite strongsince it is generally of the order of 1,415 times the value of theintrinsic magnetic field of the nuclei. As a result, the toroidalpolarization of the orbitals of peripheral; atomic electrons createsindeed a new field sufficiently strong to originate a new chemicalspecies.

[0017] It should also be noted that the magnetic polarization of an atomalso implies the polarization of the intrinsic magnetic moments ofelectrons and of nuclei. As a result, the magnetic bond betweenpolarized atoms can be composed by three separate attractive forcesamong opposite polarities originating from the magnetic moments oforbitals, electrons and nuclei, as also illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0018] Said magnetic polarizations are individually unstable, becausethe conventional distribution of the orbitals in all directions in spaceis reacquired due to rotations caused by temperature as soon as theexternal magnetic field is terminated. However, the coupling viaopposing magnetic polarities of two or more atoms is instead stablebecause, when the external magnetic field is removed, rotations due totemperature apply to the bonded atoms as a whole and not to theindividual atoms. As a result, magnecules are stable at ordinaryatmospheric temperatures and pressures.

[0019] The above joint stability for coupled magnetic polarization doesoccur for individual or coupled electric polarizations, as well known.In fact, electric polarizations are essentially reducible toellipsoidical deformations of orbitals with consequential predominanceof one change at one end and the opposite charge at the other end.Whether individual or coupled, such ellipsoidical deformations areevidently terminated by collisions, rotations and other effects due totemperature, and this explains the dominance of magnetic over electricpolarizations.

[0020] Recall that all magnetic effects are known to cease at atemperature called the Curie Temperature. This is also the case formagnecules which decompose at a certain temperature varying fromsubstance to substance, which temperature is generally of the order ofthe combustion temperature.

[0021] An important feature of magnecules is that said magneticpolarization occurs in individual atoms rather than in molecules as awhole. This implies that the new chemical species of magnecules can beformed for all possible gases irrespective of whether they areparamagnetic or diamagnetic.

[0022] In fact, the hydrogen molecule H₂ is known to be diamagnetic,namely, clear experimental evidence has established that, when exposedto a magnetic field as strong as desired, the hydrogen molecule does notacquire a total net magnetic polarization North-South. However, by nomeans this property prevents magnetic polarizations of each individualatom H of the H₂ molecules, which polarizations can then individuallybond atom to atom, rather than molecule to molecule, and form in thisway magnecules.

[0023] Extensive studies have established that, when subjected to anexternal magnetic field at absolute zero degree temperature, thehydrogen molecule performs the transition from a spherical distributionof radius equal to the H diameter to a plane distribution in which therotations of the bonded valence pair in the two atoms are opposite toeach other, as illustrated in FIG. 3. This implies that a fullypolarized H₂ molecule is composed by two fully polarized H atom withopposite directions of the polarizations. Due to the very smalldistances of their symmetry axes, which is of the order of 10 8 cm,opposite adjacent polarizations cancel each other, resulting in saiddiamagnetic character of the H₂ molecule. The point however persiststhat each individual polarized H atom of an H₂ molecule can indeed bondto another polarized H atom, as illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0024] The above problem does not exist for the oxygen molecules O₂which is known to be paramagnetic, thus capable of acquiring a total netmagnetic polarity. However, the magnetic field used in this inventionexist at the specific level of each individual atoms. Therefore, whetherfor the hydrogen or the oxygen molecules, a central objective remainsthat of achieving a magnetic polarization of the individual atomsirrespective of whether the complete molecule is paramagnetic or not.

[0025] It is evident that the new chemical species of magnecules impliesan increase of the specific weight of any gas, thus including hydrogenand oxygen. In fact, by denoting the valence bond with the symbol—andthe magnetic bond with the symbol x, it is evident that the creation ofan essentially pure population of magnecules with the structures(H—H)xH, (H—H)x(H—H), (H—H)x(H—H)xH, etc., have respective specificdensities of the order of 3, 4, 5, etc., while the conventionalmolecular structure H₂ can only have a specific density close to 2, asrecalled earlier.

[0026] It is then evident that the increase of the specific density,say, of the order of 5 implies a reduction of tank capacities by 1/5because each cluster in a gas, whether under a valence or magnetic bond,acts as a single entity for pressure, temperature, etc. It then followsthat the required 7,666 scf of H₂ for the equivalent of 20 gasolinegallons are reduced in the preceding example to about 1,500 scf whichcan be easily accommodated in an ordinary tank of about 3.5 scf involume at about 4,000 pounds per square inch (psi).

[0027] It should be stressed that a 5 time increase of the specificdensity of the hydrogen directly implies that its energy content isincreased 5 folds, from then original 300 BTU/scf to 1,500 BTU/scf.Alternatively, a first empirical way to verify the achievement of amagnecular structure is that of measuring the BTU content of the gasconsidered per scf because any increase over conventional values is ageneral indication of the achievement of a magnecular structure.

[0028] As one can see, the creation of hydrogen with a magnecularstructure completely eliminates the need for its liquefaction inautomotive and other uses because of the achievement of essentially thesame range permitted by gasoline via the use of commercially availablepressure tanks essentially of the same size as those of gasoline tanks.

[0029] A primary objective of this invention is therefore that ofachieving the new chemical species of MagH with an average specificdensity of about 10. a.m.u.

[0030] A fully similar situation occurs for oxygen. In fact, theconventional molecule O₂=O—O has the specific density of 32 a.m.u. whilemagnecules (O—O)xO, (O—O)x(O—O), (O—O)x(O—O)xO, etc. have correspondingspecific densities 48, 64, 80, etc. In this case too the creation of amagnecular structure of the oxygen with 5 times the specific density ofthe conventional molecular oxygen reduces its storage size by ⅕-th.

[0031] Another primary objective of this invention is, therefore, thecreation of Mago with an average specific density which is at least amultiple that of O₂, with a corresponding increase of the BTU content.

[0032] Another important feature of magnecules is that they imply anincrease of the energy release in thermochemical reactions generallybigger than the increase due to the increased specific density. Thisimportant feature is due to the following three primary aspects:

[0033] i) The presence in magnecules of individual uncoupled atoms, asestablished by ample experimental evidence, which atoms combine at thetime of the combustion, thus releasing energy. For instance, thepresence of isolated H atom in a hydrogen magnecule implies theesoenergetic reaction at the time of its combustion H+H-→H₂ whichreleases 104 Kilo calories (Kcal) per mole. It is evident that thisadditional energy release is completely absent in a conventionalmolecular structure.

[0034] ii) Polarized atoms release energy in their thermochemicalreactions in amount greater than that released by unpolarized atoms.Consider, for instance, the water molecule H₂O=H—O—H where theindividual H—O and O—H dimer have the characteristic angle of 104degrees. As it is well known, the orbitals of the two dimers H—O and O—Hhave a distribution which is perpendicular to the plane of the moleculeH—O—H, as illustrated in FIG. 4. This implies that, in order to becomepart of the water molecule, an H atom must necessarily reduce its spacedistribution to a toroidal one, precisely as needed for this invention.It then follows that a polarized H atom require less energy to couplewith the oxygen, or, more generally, the reaction H₂+O₂/2—H—O—H, whenoccurring among magnetically polarized atoms releases more than theconventional value of 57 Kcal/mole. The excess energy is spent by natureprecisely for the removal of the space distributions of the orbitals.

[0035] iii) Magnetically polarized diatomic molecules with atomspossessing valence and non-valence electrons acquire new internal bondsdue to the magnetic polarization of the internal non-valence electrons,with consequential additional energy storage. This feature has beenproven for the case of the CO molecule (that with conventional triplevalence bonds) exposed to intense magnetic field which shows under scanswith IRD the presence of two new peaks which evidently characterize newbonds besides those characterized by conventional valence bonds. Sinceall available valence bonds are used in the CO molecule, the new bondscan only be explained with the toroidal polarization of the internalnon-valence electrons resulting in new internal magnetic bondsNorth-South-North-South, as illustrated in FIG. 5. Since every bond ofatoms implies an energy storage, it is evident that this third featureimplies a third additional means for combustible gas with magnecularstructure to have excess energy content.

[0036] It is then evident that the combustion of MagH and MagO releasesmore energy than the combustion of conventional H and O gases,particularly when all three of the above features i), ii) and iii) areaccomplished. Another important objective of this invention is thereforethat of achieving magnetic polarizations sufficiently strong to causedsaid three features.

[0037] It is also evident that the same principle outlined above alsoapply for any other gas, and not necessarily to H and O gases only. Infact, the processing with the apparatus of this invention of any gaseousfossil fuel permits the increase of its specific density as well as ofits energy output, thus permitting a consequential decrease of storagetanks, increase of performance and decrease of costs.

[0038] It should be indicated that the H₃ structure has already beendetected in various GC-MS tests, although the structure is generallybelieved to be due to some form of valence bond. In depth studiesreviewed in details in the attached monograph have established that atriple valence bond would imply the violation of Pauli's exclusionprinciple (and other physical laws). In fact, the valence interpretationof the H3 bond would imply the bond of a third electron to apre-existing valence pair, resulting in the existence of at least twoelectrons with the same quantum numbers in the same energy level, anoccurrence which would be a clear violation of Pauli's exclusionprinciple.

[0039] This and other violations of fundamental physical laws can beresolved with the interpretation that H₃ has the magnecular structure(H—H)xH. In this case only two electrons are bonded into a pair with thesame energy although antiparallel spins as requested for singlet valencecouplings, while the electron of the third H atom is magnetically bondedto one of the other two H atoms, thus being in an energy state differentthan that of the preceding valence pair with consequential lack ofapplicability of Pauli's exclusion principle.

[0040] Consider now the oxygen in which the O₃ molecule has beendetected long ago and called ozone. In this case the O₂ moleculepossesses free electrons for possible additional bonds into O₃.Nevertheless, studies have revealed that at least one realization of O₃has the magnecular structure (O—O)xO with internal coupling similar tothose of the magnecule H₃=(H—H)—xH. This is again due to the fact thatvalence has been historically established solely for thecorrelation-coupling of two electrons. The addition of a third electronin the valence couplings generally violates Pauli's exclusion principleand other physical laws which prevent the existence of any possibletriple valence bond.

[0041] It is evident that the experimental detection of H₃ and O₃provides major credibility for the creation in this invention of H and Omagnecules with specific density greater than 3.

[0042] The terminology described in this invention can be defined asfollows: “magnecules” are stable clusters of individual atoms, dimersand molecules bonded together by the attraction between oppositepolarities of the toroidal polarization of the orbits of peripheralatomic electrons; “specific density” is the density of a conventionalgas composed by the same molecules measured in atomic mass units(a.m.u.); “average specific density” is the density of a gas withmagnecular structure, thus having generally different clusterconstituents when measured also in a.m.u.; the “energy content” is theheat produced by one standard cubic feet (scf) of a combustible gas whenmeasured in British Thermal Units (BTU); an “apparatus” is, for thisinvention, an equipment permitting the industrial production of gaseswith magnecular structure; a “piping system” is a set of interconnectedpipes permitting a common flow; “electrodes” are a pair of conductorspermitting an arc between a gap at their tip; “gas” is referred to asubstance which is at the gaseous state when at room temperature andpressure; a “vapor” is referred to a substance which is liquid at roomtemperature but which acquires its gaseous phase at a sufficiently hightemperature; a “gaseous hydrocarbon” is a combustible gas whose chemicalcomposition is that of hydrocarbons, such as natural gas, methane,acetylene; a “slit”, also called in this invention a “Venturi” is arestriction in the flow of a gas with a rectangular sectional area and aminimal width; all other definitions of “electric current”, “pressure”,“volume”, etc. are standard.

[0043] One embodiment of the invention is an apparatus and method forincreasing a specific density and an energy content of a gas comprisingproviding a pressure resistant piping system equipped with means forclosing and opening said piping system, the means typically beingvalves; providing means for filling up said piping system with a gas andmeans for compressing said gas to a desired pressure; providing at leastone pair of electrodes placed within said piping system and capable ofdelivering an electric arc within an interior of the piping system;providing means for delivering an electric power to each of said atleast one pair of electrodes; providing means for recirculating said gasthrough said electric arc; providing means for collecting a resultantprocessed gas; and filling said piping system with the gas,recirculating the gas through the electric arc generated by the at leastone pair of electrodes and collecting the resultant processed gas,wherein the resulting processed gas has a specific density and an energycontent bigger than corresponding values of the gas originally firstfilled into the piping system.

[0044] In this embodiment, the electric current of said arc iscontinuous, alternating or pulsing. The gas can be hydrogen, oxygen, anon-combustible or inert gas, a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel or a liquidvapor. The flow of the gas is preferably restricted with means forrestricting the flow of said gas along a slit surrounding said arc.

[0045] A still other embodiment is an apparatus and method forincreasing a specific density and an energy content of a gas comprisingproviding a pressure resistant piping system equipped with means forclosing and opening said piping system; providing means for filling upsaid piping system with a gas and means for compressing said gas to adesired pressure; providing at least one solenoid acting on a tube orcapillary tube in line with said piping system; providing means fordelivering an electric current to said at least one solenoid; providingmeans for cooling said solenoid; providing means for recirculating saidgas through said tube; providing means for collecting a resultantprocessed gas; and filling said piping system with the gas to beprocessed, compressing said gas to the desired pressure, subjecting saidgas to the current of the at least one solenoid acting on the tube whilethe gas is being recirculated through said tube and with the coolingmeans activated, and collecting said resultant processed gas, wherein aresulting processed gas has a specific density and an energy contentbigger than corresponding values of the gas first filled into the pipingsystem.

[0046] In this embodiment, the electric current of said solenoid iscontinuous, alternating or pulsing. The gas may be hydrogen, anon-combustible or inert gas, a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel, or a liquidvapor. A number of solenoids may be placed in series and a number ofsolenoids may be placed in parallel within the piping system.

[0047] The invention also deals with apparatus and a method forproducing a hydrogen gas with an increased specific density and anincreased energy content comprising providing a pressure resistantvessel filled up with a liquid feedstock rich in hydrogen; providing atleast one pair of electrodes placed in such a way to create a submergedelectric arc; providing means for delivering an electric power to saidat least one pair of electrodes; providing means for collecting acombustible gas produced by said submerged electric arc; providing meansfor separating a hydrogen content of said combustible gas, the hydrogencontent comprising the produced hydrogen gas; and subjecting the liquidfeedstock to the submerged electric arc, collecting the combustible gas,and separating the hydrogen content of the combustible gas produced toobtain the resultant processed hydrogen gas, wherein the resultantprocessed hydrogen gas has a specific weight and energy content greaterthan a corresponding value for conventional hydrogen gas.

[0048] The produced hydrogen gas can be separated from the combustiblegas with filtration means or with means for cryogenically liquefactionof remaining components.

[0049] Another embodiment of the invention is an apparatus and methodfor increasing the voltage, power and efficiency of a fuel cellcomprising operating a fuel cell with a processed gas which has aspecific density and an energy content bigger than corresponding valuesof an original gas prior to being processed. The processed gas is madeby recirculating the original gas in a pressure resistant piping system,by compressing said original gas to a desired pressure, and bysubjecting the recirculated original gas to generated electric arcscreated by at least one pair of electrodes within an interior of thepiping system. The original gas is one of hydrogen and oxygen. Theprocessed gas is MagH when hydrogen is the original gas and MagO whenoxygen is the original gas.

[0050] Another embodiment is an apparatus and method of operating aninternal combustion engine with a decreased need for atmospheric oxygencomprising operating the engine with a processed fuel made from aprocessed hydrogen gas, the processed hydrogen gas having a specificweight and energy content greater than a corresponding value forconventional hydrogen gas. The processed hydrogen gas is made by fillinga pressure resistant vessel with a liquid feedstock rich in hydrogen, bysubjecting said feedstock to submerged electric arcs between at leastone pair of electrodes, by collecting a combustible gas produced by athermochemical reaction of the electric arcs on the feedstock, and byseparating the processed hydrogen gas from said combustible gas.

[0051] The processed hydrogen gas is separated with filtration means.The processed hydrogen gas may also be separated using means forcryogenically liquefaction of remaining components. The processed fuelalso includes the processed hydrogen gas in the presence of carbon andoxygen, and the processed hydrogen is MagH.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0052]FIG. 1 depicts the toroidal distribution of the orbits of atomicelectrons under a strong external magnetic field;

[0053]FIG. 2 depicts the bonding of magnetically polarized atoms to eachother via opposite magnetic polarities;

[0054]FIG. 3 depicts the polarization of a hydrogen molecules withopposite magnetic moments in the two atoms;

[0055]FIG. 4 depicts the water molecule with the orbits of valenceelectron pairs and their opposite rotations in different coupled atoms;

[0056]FIG. 5 depicts new internal magnetic bonds in diatomic molecules;

[0057]FIG. 6 depicts the strong magnetic field at atomic distances froman electric arc;

[0058]FIG. 7 depicts a typical application of a preferred embodiment ofthis invention;

[0059]FIG. 8 depicts a Venturi restricting the flow of a gas through anelectric arc;

[0060]FIG. 9 depicts a superconducting supercooled solenoid;

[0061]FIG. 10 depicts an alternative embodiment of this invention forthe production of a hydrogen gas with magnecular structure obtained viafiltration;

[0062]FIG. 11 depicts an alternative embodiment of this invention forthe production of a hydrogen gas with magnecular structure obtained vialiquefaction;

[0063]FIG. 12 depicts the voltage increase in a fuel cell via the use ofoxygen with magnecular structure;

[0064]FIG. 13 depicts the power increase in a fuel cell via the use ofoxygen with magnecular structure;

[0065]FIG. 14 depicts the efficiency increase in a fuel cell via the useof oxygen with magnecular structure;

[0066]FIG. 15 depicts the results of analytic measurements of hydrogenwith a magnecular structure; and

[0067]FIG. 16 depicts mass spectrometric measurements of the same gasdepicted in FIG. 15.

[0068] As indicated earlier, the magnetic polarization of the orbitalsof peripheral atomic electrons requires extremely strong magnetic fieldsof the order of billions or trillions of oersteds which are simply notpossible with current technologies in large scale, that is at distancesof the order of inches or feet, even with the use of superconductingsolenoids cooled with the best available cryogenic technologies.

[0069] As an illustration, the intensity of the magnetic fields neededto create an industrially meaningful magnetic polarization is of theorder of a million times bigger than the most powerful magnets availablein a U. S. National Magnetic Laboratory, in Tallahassee, Fla.

[0070] The only possible, industrially useful means of achievingmagnetic fields of the needed very high intensity are those based onlarge direct current (DC) measured in Amperes (A) when considered atatomic distances. In fact, with respect to FIG. 6 the magnetic fieldcreated by a rectilinear conductor with current I at a radial distance ris given by the law B=kI/r, where the constant k in absoluteelectromagnetic unit is 1. It then follows that, for current in therange of 10^ 3 and distances of the order of the size of atoms r=10^ −8cm, the intensity of the magnetic fields H is of the order of 10^ 13Oersted, thus having intensity values fully sufficient to cause themagnetic polarization of the orbitals of peripheral atomic electrons.

[0071] The main principle of this invention is therefore that ofachieving the magnetic polarization of the orbits of peripheral atomicelectrons by flowing gases through electric currents as technologicallypossible. This principle can be best realized by recirculating the gasthrough one or more electric arcs. The efficiency of the equipment thendepends on the achievement of a sufficiently high Amperes as well as ofa sufficiently high operating pressure. The achievement of anessentially pure population of a magnecular structure of a given gaswith the desired specific density then requires its recirculationthrough said electric arc for a period of time depending on the selectedgas, the selected current and the selected operating density.

[0072] In fact, under the above conditions schematically represented inFIG. 6, atoms with the toroidal polarization of their orbitals findthemselves aligned one next to the other with opposing polarities.Therefore, the latter attract each other, thus forming magnecules. Theflow of the gas through the electric arc then removes the magneculesimmediately following their creation. The electric arc decomposes theoriginal molecule, thus permitting the presence of isolated atoms in themagnecular structure as needed to increase the energy output.

[0073] In this way, the process transforms the original gas with itsconventional molecular structure into a new chemical species consistingof individual atoms, dimers and complete molecules all bonded togetherby the magnetic polarization of their peripheral atomic electrons.

[0074] In the event the original gas has a simple diatomic molecularstructure, such as H₂, the magnecular clusters are composed ofindividual polarized H atom and ordinary polarized molecules H₂ as inFIG. 2. In the event the original gas has the more complex diatomicstructure, the magnecular clusters are composed of individual polarizedO atoms, OO single bonds, and O₂ molecules with additional internalbonds as in FIG. 5. In the event the original gas has the more complexdiatomic structure CO, the magnecular clusters are more complex and aregenerally composed of individual atoms C and O, single and double bondC—O, and conventional molecules CO and O₂ with internal new bonds.Original gases with more complex conventional molecular structureevidently imply more complex magnecular clusters with all possibleinternal atomic arrangements.

[0075] It is also evident that, after completing the processing in theapparatus of this invention, the resulting new species is not composedof all identical magnecules, as it is the case for molecules, butinstead of a variety of magnecules from a minimum to a maximum number ofatomic components. The specific density of the magnecular gas is thengiven by the average density of all different magnecules.

[0076] A first preferred embodiment of this invention is depicted inFIG. 7 and comprises: one, two or several pairs of positively andnegatively charged electrodes 1 and 2, 3 and 4, shown in the figures,here assumed to be composed of tungsten rods of ½″ outside diameter and3″ in length with tip configuration depicted in FIG. 8 as describedbelow; commercially available DC power units of 50 Kwh, one per eachelectrode pair not shown in the figure for simplicity; a pipe system 5typically of ½″ internal diameter and ¾″ outside diameter in the shapeof the figure composed of a diamagnetic metal or other nonconductingmaterial suitable to withstand an internal pressure of least 4, 500 psi;said electrode pairs are placed as a fixed part of piping system 5 viapressure resistant seals 16 in such a way to create the biggest possiblegaps 20, 21, etc., permitted by the selected 50 Kwh power unit and theselected gas at the selected operating pressure, which gap, for the caseof hydrogen and oxygen (gas 14) at the selected operating features is ofthe order of ½″; four on-off high pressure valves 6, 7, 8, 9 at theindicated locations; three high pressure pumps 10, 11, and 12; two tanks13, 15 of at least one scf each capable of withstanding at least 4,500psi and located in line with piping system 5; and two commerciallyavailable high pressure gas cylinders 17, 18 connected as shown in thepiping system 5.

[0077]FIG. 8 depicts the sectional view of the equipment at the axialline of electrodes pair 1 and 2, showing: the ½″ by ¾″ pipe 5; seals 16for the high pressure assembly of electrodes 1 and 2 in the pipingsystem 5; the ½″ electrode gap 19; the ½″ long DC electric arc 20; andrestriction 80 (also called Venturi) which restricted the flow througharc 20 from the ½″ circular sectional area to a rectangular areasurrounding the electric arc 20 for a sectional area of about ½″ inlength and {fraction (1/16)}″ in width 81.

[0078] The operations of this first preferred embodiment is as follows.The operation initiate with valve 6 closed and all valves 7, 8, 9 openafter which a high vacuum is pumped out of the piping system 5 includingtank 15. Then, valve 9 is closed to isolated tank 15; tank 13 filled upwith the desired gas at 4,500 psi is connected to the system; valve 6 isopen so as to fill up the entire system at which point the pressure isequalized everywhere; pump 10 is then operated to empty the content oftank 13 into the piping system 5 and related storage tanks 17 and 18. Atthat point, valve 6 is closed; the DC current is sent to all electrodepairs, thus establishing arcs 20, 21; finally, pump 11 is activated forthe desired duration of time, generally being of at least one hour.

[0079] According to the above apparatus, the selected gas iscontinuously flown by pump 11 through Venturis 80 in the immediatelongitudinal vicinity of DC electric arcs 20, 21, by therefore exposingsaid gas to the DC electric arc according to the main principle of thisinvention. Assuming that the 50 Kwh power unit has 25% loss in the AC-DCrectification, the equipment has 37.5 Kwh of DC electric power availableat each arc. Since another principle of this invention is themaximization of the electric current, the arc is operated at about 37 V,thus permitting 1,000 A in each arc. These operating features can becontinuously supported by tungsten electrodes. The continuousrecirculation of the gas through Venturis 80 for one hour has thefollowing implications: by exposing the atoms to the extreme magneticfields in the immediate vicinity of the arc, thus polarizing theirelectron orbits into toroid; aligned polarized atoms as in FIG. 5 bondto each others; and there is the consequential formation of magneculeswith the resulting achievement of the desired increase of the specificdensity and energy content as illustrated in the experimental evidenceoutlined below.

[0080] The increase in the specific density and energy content can beachieved in a number of ways, such as: the use of the above describedequipment for several hours, e.g., for one full day; the use of AC-DCrectifiers with power much bigger than 50 Kwh; the use of pulse DC powerunits; the use of a large number of pairs of electrodes sequentiallyexposed to the same gas flow; a capillary restriction 81 around theelectric arcs; and other means, as well as any of their combinations.

[0081] Another embodiment is depicted in FIG. 9 consisting of theequipment of FIG. 7 in which the DC electric arc between electrodes isreplaced by superconducting solenoid 200 with capillary or tube internaldiameter 201 equipped with an adequate cooling systems is schematicallyrepresented by vessel 203 with inlet 205 and outlet 206 encompassing theentire solenoid 200 and is filled up by a flowing coolant 204, such asliquid nitrogen.

[0082] The difference between the embodiment of FIG. 9 and that of FIG.7 is the following. The latter embodiment acts according to the circularconfiguration of the magnetic field of FIG. 6, while the formerembodiment acts according to a linear configuration of the magneticfield along the symmetry axis of the solenoid with intensity B=nI/r,where n is the number of turns, I is the current in Amps and r is theradius of said tube 201. It is evident that the linear alignment ofmagnetically polarized atoms along the direction of its flow favors thecreation of into magnecules as compared to the circular alignment ofFIG. 6, particularly when the equipment is operated, for instance, atpulses of 50,000 A with a radius of tube 201 of 10^ −5 mm.

[0083] However, the selection of the preferred equipment depends on thespecific needs. For instance, the embodiment of FIG. 9 cannot breakdownthe original molecules, thus forming magnecules essentially composed ofmolecules with individual polarized atoms. By comparison, the electricarc of FIG. 6 does indeed separate conventional molecules, thus formingmagnecules which generally contains atoms, dimers and molecules.

[0084] Needless to say, the embodiment of FIG. 9 can be improved in avariety of ways, e.g., by having several embodiments of the same typeconnected in series to increase the magnecular structure, all variousseries being connected in parallel to increase the production. Theseseries and parallel configurations are not indicated in the drawingbecause quite elementary and definitely known to skilled in the art.

[0085] The use of the MagH and MagO produced by the above embodiments isevidently multifold and include as representative examples withoutlimitations: use of MagH and Mago in fuel cells; use of MagH as fuel forinternal combustion engines; use of MagH as fuel for electricgenerators; use of MagH and MagO in their liquefied form as fuels forrockets.

[0086] In all cases the advantages in the use of MagH and MagO over theuse of conventional gases are numerous. For instance, the use of MagHand Mago as liquefied rocket fuel implies: 1) a reduced cost ofliquefaction, evidently due to the increases density and other factors;2) an increased energy output; and 3) an increase of the payload or,equivalently, a decrease of the fuel for the same payload. All theseadvantages evidently depend on the achieved degrees of magnecularstructure.

[0087] It should be indicated that the apparatus above described is alsoapplicable to conventional gaseous hydrocarbon, such as natural gas,methane, acetylene, etc. In fact, the equipment of this invention canalso be filled up with any of these gaseous hydrocarbons and reach thesame results, such as an increase of the molecular weight and energydensity. Moreover, it should be noted that, in this particular case, theelectric arc breaks down the polymer chains of hydrocarbons(C—H₂)—(C—H₂)—(C—H₂)— . . . and rearranges then into magnecular clusters(C—H₂)x(C—H)xHx(C—H₂)x(C—H₂)x with the environmental major advantage ofturning the original polluting fuels into a clean burning fuel.

[0088] It should be finally indicated that this invention is equallyapplicable to noncombustible gases, such as helium, nitrogen, argon,etc. in which case the dominant advantage is evidently the increase ofspecific density with consequential decrease of storage volumes, andrelated logistic advantages. It should be noted that, even thoughnon-combustible, these gases can also store energy via the internalmagnetic bonds of the type depicted in FIG. 5, which energy is evidentlyreleased under the form of heat whenever the magnecular structure isremoved.

[0089] Another embodiment for the production of gases with the desiredmagnecular structure is given by known means for the production of acombustible gas via electric arcs operating within water or otherliquids, and then the separation of a desired gas from said combustiblegas via filtering, cryogenic liquefaction or other means. A firstembodiment of this type is depicted in FIG. 10 and comprises:carbon-base electrodes 301 and 302 submerged within a liquid 304 whichis contained in a pressure vessel 303 with removable lid 305, saidelectrodes 301 and 302 being housed in copper holders 306 and 307 whichprotrude outside of vessel 303 and lid 305 through seals not shown inthe figure for simplicity, but which are well known to skilled in theart.

[0090] The activation of a DC electric arc within a selected liquiddecomposes its molecules and creates a combustible gas with a magnecularstructure, as now well established. Said combustible gas exits vessel303 through opening 308 and then passes through high pressure pipes intoa metal container 309 in which there is a special filter 310 selected insuch a way to remove the unwanted part of said combustible gas. Theremaining gas is released through outlet pipe 311 for collection.

[0091] As an example, underwater electric arcs produce a combustible gaswhich, as far as the atomic percentage is concerned, is composed of 50%H, 25% O and 25% C. These atoms are then combined into magneculesgenerally composed of H, C and O individual atoms, HO, CH and C—C dimerswith one single valence bond, and ordinary molecules of H₂, CO, H₂O andO₂. Since hydrogen is the biggest component of the combustible gas, itcan be effectively filtered with various means, resulting in MagH. Infact, experimental evidence has establishes that magnecules survivefiltering.

[0092] Numerous micrometric filtering systems 310 are currentlyavailable. As an indication without un-necessary limitations, afiltering system recommendable for the separation of MagH is given by a5 Armstrong zeolite consisting of a microporous molecular sieve, whichessentially selects a gas via “molecular sieving,” or molecular sizeexclusion. After a number of hours of operation depending on the DCpower unit, the operating pressure and the size of the zeolite filter,the latter is replaced as part of routine service.

[0093] An alternative embodiment is depicted in FIG. 11 and essentiallyconsists of the same embodiment of FIG. 10 for the production of acombustible gas via an electric arc submerged within a liquid, plus: aserpentine 312 in which the combustible gas is passed following its exitfrom vessel 303 through outlet 308; a vessel 313 containing saidserpentine 312; a coolant 318 filling up said vessel 313; valves 317 and314; plus outlet 316 for the a liquefied portion of the gas and outlet315 for its remaining non-liquefied gaseous component.

[0094] To illustrate the operation of the alternative embodiment of FIG.11, suppose that liquid 304 is ordinary water. In this case, asindicated earlier, the combustible gas has a magnecular structurecomposed by H, C and O. By recalling that hydrogen liquefied very closeto absolute zero degrees temperature, its separation from thecombustible gas can be achieved by cooling the gas to about minus 70degrees F., at which CO is liquefied. Said cooling can be achieved viathe use of liquid nitrogen for coolant 318 or other liquid having theneeded low temperature or any of the several, commercially availablecryogenic equipment not shown in the figure because they are well knownto skilled in the art. In this way, the liquefied component of thecombustible gas exists at outlet 316, while MagH exits at outlet 315.Valves 317 and 314 are used to optimize operations.

[0095] It is evident that the equipment of FIGS. 10 and 11 produce aform of MagH and other magnegases less pure as compared to thoseproduced via the equipment of FIGS. 7, 8, 9, evidently because ofimpurities containing C and O atoms which should be expected in theproduction via the equipment of FIGS. 10 and 11 but not with those ofFIGS. 7, 8, 9. Therefore, the selection of the equipment depends, again,on the selected application. In fact, for automotive uses of MagH asfuel for internal combustion engines the presence of C and O atoms isdefinitely desirable because such presence increases the energy contentwhile decreasing the need of atmospheric oxygen. Therefore, the MagHproduced via the filtration or cryogenic cooling of magnegases per theequipment of FIGS. 10 and 11 is definitely preferable for use as fuelfor internal combustion engine as compared to the forms of MagH producedvia the equipment of FIGS. 7, 8, and 9. On the contrary, the lattermethods are preferable over the preceding ones for use of MagH and MagOin fuel cells since the purity of the final form of MagH and MagO isguaranteed by that of the original gas.

[0096] It is now important to review the experimental evidence on themain results of this invention. First, the inventor constructed anapparatus as per FIG. 7 by using for arcs the sparks produced by fourautomotive spark plugs placed in series on piping system 5, said sparkplugs being operated by a conventional coil by automotive battery with12 V, 800 A. The equipment was operated at 15 psi. Two samples of oxygenwhich were produced, and denoted MagO1 and MagO2, by passing themthrough said array of four sparks for 30 minutes.

[0097] Said two samples of MagO1 and MagO2 were tested in lieu ofordinary oxygen in a 2-cell Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cellwith dimensions 7×11×11 cm, which cell was operated with conventionalhigh purity hydrogen. The membrane material was Nafion 112; the catalystin the electrodes was platinum acting on carbon; the plates for heattransfer were given by two nickel/gold plated plates; the temperature ofthe fuel cell was kept constant via ordinary cooling means; current wasmeasured via a HP 6050AA electronic load with a 600 W load module; aflow rate for oxygen and hydrogen was assigned for each currentmeasurement; both oxygen and hydrogen were humidified before enteringthe cell; the measurements reported herein were conducted at 30 degreesC.

[0098] The results of the measurements are summarized in FIGS. 12. 13and 14 which report relative measurements compared to the sameconditions of the cell when working with ordinary pure oxygen. As onecan see, these measurements show a clear increase of the voltage, powerand efficiency of the maximal order of 5% when the cell was operatedwith MagO. To appraise these results, one should note that the samplesMagO used in the test were reached via an equipment operated with anordinary automotive battery, powering intermitted sparks as typicallythe case in automotive engines, and with the pressure limited to 15 psi.By comparison, the MagO of this invention should be produced by an arrayof arcs each operated by 50 Kwh power unit, with continuous dischargesat 1,000 A, the apparatus being operated at 4,500 psi. It is evidentthat the transition from the conditions of the test to those of thisinvention imply a significant increase of the performance of the fuelcells when operated with MagO. Moreover, bigger increases in voltage,power and efficiency are expected when a fuel cell is operated with bothMagO and MagH.

[0099] In summary, the systematic character of the results combined withthe limited capabilities of the equipment confirm the capability of thisinvention of producing new forms of hydrogen and oxygen with magnecularstructure with increase in voltage, power and efficiency of fuel cellswith can be very conservatively estimated to be of the order of 20%.

[0100] Additional tests were conducted with MagH produced with theequipment of FIGS. 10 and 11. A clean burning combustible gas was firstproduced by using ordinary tap water as liquid feedstock. Thecombustible gas then passed through a 5 Armstrong zeolite filter asdescribed above. The filtered gas, here called MagH, was then subjectedto the following three measurements:

[0101] 1) The average specific density of this type of MagH was measuredby two independent laboratories which issued written statements thatthis particular form of Mag H has the average specific density of 15.06a.m.u., while conventional pure hydrogen has the specific density of2.016, thus implying a 7.47 fold increase of the specific density ofconventional hydrogen.

[0102] 2) This type of MagH was then subjected to analytic measurementsby a qualified laboratory via Gas Chromatography (CG) and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). All measurements werenormalized, air contamination was removed, and the lower detectionlimits were 0.01%. The results are reported in FIG. 15. As one can see,these measurements indicate that this particular type of MagH wascomposed of 99.2% hydrogen and 0.78% methane, while no carbon monoxidewas detected.

[0103] 3) The same type of MagH used in the preceding tests wassubmitted to Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric (CG-MS) tests viathe use of a HP GC 5890 and a HP MS 5972 with operating conditionsspecifically set for the detection of magnecules, which are differentthan those for molecules, such as: a feeding line with the biggestpossible section of 0.5 mm diameter was selected (to prevent that largemagneclusters are not permitted to enter the instrument because of theuse of a micrometric feeding line); the feeding line was cryogeniccooled; the operation of the columns at the lowest admitted temperatureof 10 degrees C. (to prevent that the column temperature woulddisintegrate the magnecules); the longest possible ramp time of 26minutes was selected (to permit the separation of the peaks representingmagnecules); and other requirements. The results of this third test arereproduced in FIG. 16. As one can see, by keeping in mind the results ofGC-FTIR of FIG>15, the GC-MS measurements should have shown only twopeaks, that for hydrogen and that for methane. On the contrary, theseGC-MS tests do confirm indeed the existence of a large peak at about 2a.m.u. evidently representing hydrogen, but also the presence of aconsiderable number of additional peaks in macroscopic percentages allthe way to 18 a.m.u. It is evident that these latter peaks establish theexistence of a magnecular structure in the taupe of MagH here studied.Note, in particular, the existence of well identified peaks inmacroscopic percentage with atomic weight of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and highervalue which, for the gas under consideration here, can only be explainedas magnecules composed of individual H atoms as well as H molecules inincreasing numbers.

[0104] It is evident that the above measurements 1), 2) and 3) confirmin a final form the capability by this invention to produce hydrogen,oxygen and other gases with a large multiple value of their standardspecific density, and consequential increase of their energy content percubic foot.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for increasing a specific densityand an energy content of a gas comprising: a pressure resistant pipingsystem equipped with means for closing and opening said piping system;means for filling up said piping system with a gas and means forcompressing said gas to a desired pressure; at least one pair ofelectrodes placed within said piping system and capable of delivering anelectric arc within an interior of the piping system; means fordelivering an electric power to each of said at least one pair ofelectrodes; means for recirculating said gas through said electric arc;and means for collecting a resultant processed gas, wherein theresulting processed gas has a specific density and an energy contentbigger than corresponding values of the gas originally first filled intothe piping system.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein theelectric current of said arc is continuous.
 3. The apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein the electric current of said arc is alternating. 4.The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electric current of saidarc is pulsing.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said gasis hydrogen.
 6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said gas isoxygen.
 7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said gas is anon-combustible gas.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein saidgas is a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel.
 9. The apparatus according to claim1, wherein said gas is a liquid vapor.
 10. The apparatus according toclaim 1, further comprising: means for restricting the flow of said gasalong a slit surrounding said arc.
 11. An apparatus for increasing aspecific density and an energy content of a gas comprising: a pressureresistant piping system equipped with means for closing and opening saidpiping system; means for filling up said piping system with a gas andmeans for compressing said gas to a desired pressure; at least onesolenoid acting on a tube in line with said piping system; means fordelivering an electric current to said at least one solenoid; means forcooling said solenoid; means for recirculating said gas through saidtube; and means for collecting a resultant processed gas, wherein theresulting processed gas has a specific density and an energy contentbigger than corresponding values of the gas first filled into the pipingsystem.
 12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the electriccurrent of said solenoid is continuous.
 13. The apparatus according toclaim 11, wherein the electric current of said solenoid is alternating.14. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the electric current ofsaid solenoid is pulsing.
 15. The apparatus according to claim 11,wherein said gas is hydrogen.
 16. The apparatus according to claim 11,wherein said gas is oxygen.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 11,wherein said gas is a non-combustible gas.
 18. The apparatus accordingto claim 11, wherein said gas is a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel.
 19. Theapparatus according to claim 11, wherein said gas is a liquid vapor. 20.The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein a number of said solenoidsis placed in series and a number of said solenoids is placed in parallelwithin said piping system.
 21. An apparatus for the production of ahydrogen gas with an increase of a specific density and of an energycontent comprising: a pressure resistant vessel filled up with a liquidfeedstock rich in hydrogen; at least one pair of electrodes placed insuch a way to create a submerged electric arc; means for delivering anelectric power to said at least one pair of electrodes; means forcollecting a combustible gas produced by said submerged electric arc;and means for separating a hydrogen content of said combustible gas, thehydrogen content comprising a resultant processed hydrogen gas, whereinthe resultant processed hydrogen gas has a specific weight and energycontent greater than a corresponding value for conventional hydrogengas.
 22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein said resultantprocessed hydrogen gas is separated from said combustible gas withfiltration means.
 23. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein saidresultant processed hydrogen gas is separated from said combustible gaswith means for cryogenically liquefaction of remaining components.
 24. Amethod of increasing the voltage, power and efficiency of a fuel cellcomprising: operating said fuel cell with a processed gas which has aspecific density and an energy content bigger than corresponding valuesof an original gas prior to being processed.
 25. The method according toclaim 24, wherein the processed gas is made by recirculating theoriginal gas in a pressure resistant piping system, by compressing saidoriginal gas to a desired pressure, and by subjecting the recirculatedoriginal gas to generated electric arcs created by at least one pair ofelectrodes within an interior of the piping system.
 26. The methodaccording to claim 24, wherein the original gas is one of hydrogen andoxygen.
 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the processed gasis MagH when hydrogen is the original gas and MagO when oxygen is theoriginal gas.
 28. A method of operating an internal combustion enginewith a decreased need for atmospheric oxygen comprising: operating saidengine with a processed fuel made from a processed hydrogen gas, theprocessed hydrogen gas having a specific weight and energy contentgreater than a corresponding value for conventional hydrogen gas. 29.The method according to claim 28, wherein the processed hydrogen gas ismade by filling a pressure resistant vessel with a liquid feedstock richin hydrogen, by subjecting said feedstock to submerged electric arcsbetween at least one pair of electrodes, by collecting a combustible gasproduced by a thermochemical reaction of the electric arcs on thefeedstock, and by separating the processed hydrogen gas from saidcombustible gas.
 30. The method according to claim 29, wherein theprocessed hydrogen gas is separated with filtration means.
 31. Themethod according to claim 29, wherein the processed hydrogen gas isseparated using means for cryogenically liquefaction of remainingcomponents.
 32. The method according to claim 28, wherein the processedfuel includes the processed hydrogen gas in the presence of carbon andoxygen, and the processed hydrogen is MagH.
 33. A method for increasinga specific density and an energy content of a gas comprising: providinga pressure resistant piping system equipped with means for closing andopening said piping system; providing means for filling up said pipingsystem with a gas and means for compressing said gas to a desiredpressure; providing at least one pair of electrodes placed within saidpiping system and capable of delivering an electric arc within aninterior of the piping system; providing means for delivering anelectric power to each of said at least one pair of electrodes;providing means for recirculating said gas through said electric arc;providing means for collecting a resultant processed gas; and fillingsaid piping system with the gas, recirculating the gas through theelectric arc generated by the at least one pair of electrodes andcollecting the resultant processed gas, wherein the resulting processedgas has a specific density and an energy content bigger thancorresponding values of the gas originally first filled into the pipingsystem.
 34. The method according to claim 33, wherein the electriccurrent of said arc is continuous.
 35. The method according to claim 33,wherein the electric current of said arc is alternating.
 36. The methodaccording to claim 33, wherein the electric current of said arc ispulsing.
 37. The method according to claim 33, wherein said gas ishydrogen.
 38. The method according to claim 33, wherein said gas isoxygen.
 39. The method according to claim 33, wherein said gas is anon-combustible gas.
 40. The method according to claim 33, wherein saidgas is a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel.
 41. The method according to claim 33,wherein said gas is a liquid vapor.
 42. The method according to claim33, further comprising: providing means for restricting the flow of saidgas along a slit surrounding said arc.
 43. A method for increasing aspecific density and an energy content of a gas comprising: providing apressure resistant piping system equipped with means for closing andopening said piping system; providing means for filling up said pipingsystem with a gas and means for compressing said gas to a desiredpressure; providing at least one solenoid acting on a tube in line withsaid piping system; providing means for delivering an electric currentto said at least one solenoid; providing means for cooling saidsolenoid; providing means for recirculating said gas through said tube;providing means for collecting a resultant processed gas; and fillingsaid piping system with the gas to be processed, compressing said gas tothe desired pressure, subjecting said gas to the current of the at leastone solenoid acting on the tube while the gas is being recirculatedthrough said tube and with the cooling means activated, and collectingsaid resultant processed gas, wherein a resulting processed gas has aspecific density and an energy content bigger than corresponding valuesof the gas first filled into the piping system.
 44. The method accordingto claim 43, wherein the electric current of said solenoid iscontinuous.
 45. The method according to claim 43, wherein the electriccurrent of said solenoid is alternating.
 46. The method according toclaim 43, wherein the electric current of said solenoid is pulsing. 47.The method according to claim 43, wherein said gas is hydrogen.
 48. Themethod according to claim 43, wherein said gas is oxygen.
 49. The methodaccording to claim 43, wherein said gas is a non-combustible gas. 50.The method according to claim 43, wherein said gas is a gaseoushydrocarbon fuel.
 51. The method according to claim 43, wherein said gasis a liquid vapor.
 52. The method according to claim 43, wherein anumber of said solenoids is placed in series and a number of saidsolenoids is placed in parallel within said piping system.
 53. A methodfor producing a hydrogen gas with an increased specific density and anincreased energy content comprising: providing a pressure resistantvessel filled up with a liquid feedstock rich in hydrogen; providing atleast one pair of electrodes placed in such a way to create a submergedelectric arc; providing means for delivering an electric power to saidat least one pair of electrodes; providing means for collecting acombustible gas produced by said submerged electric arc; providing meansfor separating a hydrogen content of said combustible gas, the hydrogencontent comprising the produced hydrogen gas; and subjecting the liquidfeedstock to the submerged electric arc, collecting the combustible gas,and separating the hydrogen content of the combustible gas produced toobtain the resultant processed hydrogen gas, wherein the resultantprocessed hydrogen gas has a specific weight and energy content greaterthan a corresponding value for conventional hydrogen gas.
 54. The methodaccording to claim 53, wherein said produced hydrogen gas is separatedfrom said combustible gas with filtration means.
 55. The methodaccording to claim 53, wherein said produced hydrogen gas is separatedfrom said combustible gas with means for cryogenically liquefaction ofremaining components.